High risk triad: COPD, asthma and heart failure

The coexistence of asthma, COPD and heart failure represents a clinically complex and increasingly prevalent multimorbidity cluster, particularly in ageing populations. By Debbie Rigby, advanced practice pharmacist Learning outcomes After completing this activity, pharmacists should be able to: describe the overlap pathophysiological relationship between asthma, COPD and heart failure; identify the clinical challenges associated with